The standard second is measured by the Cesium 133 clock which is how long it takes the atom to get from one point to the other. 20 billion years ago with respect to a non moving observer, or with the speed of light.

One chance is all you need. If there wasn't, we wouldn't be here. It's the anthropic principle, and a protein is just more proof of that.

I started a thread at Internet Infidels forum called, Are We Here by Chance? if anyone's interested. It's a spin off from the What is Certainty? thread here.

Oh, greetings Protos, and welcome aboard!

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So when the body dies, and consciousness departs, where do "we" go? ... Off to define another "reality" perhaps?

Let's see:

The Sun is a star that would eventually become a white dwarf. The Chandrasekhar limit is requires about 1.5 times the mass of the sun so that it would collapse under its own weight to become a black hole. Our sun is app. 5billion years old making it a second generation star.
X-rays and Ultraviolet light aren't matter.
There is a gas cloud out of which commets spawn in the Milky way. Commets may be much younger than billions of years, but they are not evidence that the universe isn't.
The Earth is one of the terran planets that has tectonic plate movement, aka earthquakes. Pressure, temperature, and time can change any fossil below the top layers.
The orbit of the moon as in all other planets in the Solar System are elliptical, not circular. This means that the moon may recede some years and come close others, just like Mars came close last year. Also the moon may have been the result of a titanic body colliding with the young Earth some 3 billion years ago causing excess rock and a piece of the planetoid itself to form it.

U-236 and Th-230 aren't that short lived. That's how the A-bomb was made.

Space dust can come from anything, including an outer source, or the Sun itself.

There are hundreds of billions of galaxies with hundreds of billions of stars each.

rock fragments orbit around planets just like moons do, the orbits are perfectly stable.

Are they supposed to be hot? It's pretty far away from the Sun. Io could have been much bigger assuming it's losing matter at a geometrical/exponential rate as you suggest.

it could have been a red star for 98000 years.

Evidence from earth:

The magnetic field of the Earth, which is caused by the rotation of the magnetic components Iron, cobalt and nickel in the Earth's outer liquid core has been around for as long as the Earth has had an outer core. That's the reason there's an Aurora Borealis which is iron dust particles colliding and heating up with each other.

The Earth's crust is cooled lava. The crust at the top of the mantle melts at convergent boundaries causes it to either go up (mountains) or down (volcanoes). There are hot spots, such as the Hawaiian volcano (a shield volcano), which is where the volcano continues to spew out material even though it's in the middle of a tectonic plate, and when the plate moves, the island chains form (like Hawaii).

Thanx Iaachus

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Minerals are types of rocks that have a shape ex: crystalline, cubic etc.

Helium 4 is easily heated and can escape the exosphere very easily.

Have you ever heard of depositing of sediments?

The top of the crust is the youngest since that is where the newest lava goes. You should expect to find the oldest crust near the middle of tectonic plates since that's where the layers of Earth go out from the source: volcano.

Erosion leads to Depositing. Noah's Flood didn't exist.

Oil deposits are not that deep in the crust. The crust is app. 32km deep. Rocks withstand any kind of pressure.

Climate changes bring on changes in the environment.

The spin of the Earth has always been the same. That's the reason the solar calendar has endured so long.

Sea floor spreading rate varies. Also the much of it is absorbed into the mantle.

Maybe.

There was no desert before 3000BC, since there have been found rock cave paintings in the middle of it dating back to 5000BC (yah i said it). The desert is due to a climate shift.

What?

The last ice age was 10,000 years ago. We are in the middle of the brief period between that one and the next one. The Earth's climate is constantly getting warmer.
Evidence from Biology:

The best possible combination for this is 6men and 2 women producing a maximum of 120 children. Aside from the genetics involved in this highly unlikely.

It would be highly unlikely for a coral reef to form during an Ice age app.10000BC.

trees die.

The more people the more documented diseases. If a disease occurs 1/100000, it certainly wouldn't occur as much back when the total population was less than 1/4 of a billion.
Evidence from History:

Writing was developed some 8000 years ago.

Myths are common. I suppose you also believe the story about the 12 Greek gods too. I thought you were monotheistic?

Thank you very much for the explanation Protos. However, because time is a dimension, whenever I ponder it in depth, it always becomes strangely obscure...a bit mind boggling in certain respects I suppose, regardless of what is known about it. I believe it still holds many mysteries.

Here are a couple of articles on time which I think are interesting:

Time Is Not A Dimension
Time and Universe